PPAR-γ, IRS-1 and NF-κB are important biomarkers involved in mediating numerous physiological process including insulin signalling, glucose and lipid metabolism, and inflammation. Moreover, exercise decreases triglycerides and increases HDL levels, and modulates various biomarkers such as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR-γ), insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS-1) and nuclear transcription factor kappa B (NF-κB) in the body. In addition, in healthy patients, exercise such as weightlifting or distance running can elevate aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels, indicators of liver and muscle inflammation. Exercise has also been shown to reduce systemic inflammation, boost immune cell function and prevent type 2 diabetes by approximately 50%, either as a lone treatment or in combination with other therapies. For instance, it has been reported that exercise controls insulin and glucose homeostasis, increases fatty acid oxidation in muscles and decreases blood glucose level. ![]() Indeed, exercise is known to have preventive as well as curative effects for metabolic diseases due to its capacity for burning fat in our body. CrHis/biotin may represent an effective nutritional therapy to improve health.Įxercise is an important part of a healthy lifestyle which decreases the risk of various metabolic diseases over the long term. ConclusionsĬrHis/biotin supplementation improved serum glucose and lipid levels as well as proteins expression levels of PPAR-γ, IRS-1 and NF-κB in the liver and muscle of exercise-trained rats, with the highest efficiency when administered together. CrHis/biotin improves the proteins expression levels of IRS-1, PPAR-γ, and NF-κB (effect size: large for all) in the liver and muscle of sedentary and regular exercise-trained rats ( p < 0.001). Regular exercise significantly ( p 0.05). Muscle and liver PPAR-γ, IRS-1 and NF-κB expressions were detected with real-time polymerase chain reaction. Serum glucose, total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL), triglycerides (TG), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels were measured with an automatic biochemical analyzer. The training program consisted of running at 30 m/min for 30 min/day at 0% grade level, 5 days per week, once a day for 6 weeks. ![]() The doses of CrHis and biotin were 400 μg/kg and 6 mg/kg of diet, respectively. MethodsĪ total of 56 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 8 groups of 7 animals each and treated as follows: Control, CrHis, Biotin, CrHis+Biotin, Exercise, CrHis+Exercise, Biotin+Exercise, and CrHis+Biotin+Exercise. This study investigates the effects of 8-week regular exercise training in rats together with dietary CrHis and biotin supplementation on glucose, lipids and transaminases levels, as well as protein expression levels of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ), insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1) and nuclear transcription factor kappa B (NF-κB). Chromium histidinate (CrHis) and biotin are micronutrients commonly used to improve health by athletes and control glycaemia by patients with diabetes.
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